imeem

ba-bain tona katak iha 12 Nov kalan sempre sunu lilin, maibe iha kalan nee difrente oituan, la iha sunu roda iha luron, ida-idak sunu iha nia uma oin deit hodi halimar BINGO, sorte diak manan selae .....hehehe tinan kotuk 12 Novembro lao uniko liu, grupa ka gang husi bairo nebe odio malu no sempre tuda malu derepenti hakuak malu no dame malu. fiar katak espirito 12 Novembro nian bele hadame Povu Timor Leste nebe fahe malu tan deit ema beik sira nia hahalok nebe la iha responsabilidade. ita reza atu espirito 12 Novembro nee bele halo hamutuk fali joventude nebe durante nee sai hanesan Joventuda bele halakon tiha hahalok nee no buka Dame no Paz deit. ita husu atu virus Dame nian hadaet dame ba ema hotu liu-liu foin sae Timor.

12 Novembro tinan 16 liu ba, foinsa'e Timor oan barak mak mate , maibe sira nia terus, sira nia mate nebe sira sakrifika laos buat mamuk ida,laos buat le'et ida, laos buat nebe la folin. maibe sira nia sakrifisiu loke mundo nia hanoin. mundo nakloke ba Timor Leste atu restaura ninia independente. Masakre Santa Cruz tinan 16 liu ba maske agora hela memoria deit maibe ami sei hatutan o nia lian. fiar katak boot nasaun ne'e nian bele valoriza imi nia sakrifisiu....
tinan nee comemorasaun halao husi comisaun conjunta Ex Joventude da Resistensia Nasional (CCEJRN).

12 Novembro 1991-12 Novembro 2007

Bocah Indonesia Terima Penghargaan dari PBB
Seorang bocah Indonesia berumur enam tahun, Bryan Jevoncia pada Rabu (17/10), di Markas Besar PBB menerima penghargaan dari Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa setelah memenangi lomba sayembara mendesain perangko PBB.
Acara pemberian penghargaan berlangsung di salah satu taman di kompleks gedung PBB dan dihadiri oleh Sekjen PBB Ban Ki-moon serta sejumlah kepala perwakilan negara-negara asing, termasuk Wakil Tetap RI untuk PBB, Marty Natalegawa.
Bryan adalah satu di antara enam anak berusia 6-15 tahun dari berbagai negara yang gambarnya dinyatakan akan dijadikan sebagai desain perangko PBB seri tahun 2008.
Sayembara yang bertema "Kita Dapat Mengatasi Kemiskinan" itu diikuti oleh sekitar 12.000 peserta dari 124 negara dan diadakan dalam rangka peringatan Hari Internasional Penghapusan Kemiskinan.
"Sangat membanggakan, ada putera Indonesia yang terpilih dari sekian ribu peserta. Ini menjadi tanda bahwa generasi muda kita mampu menghasilkan karya-karya yang baik, membangun solidaritas dan peka terhadap masalah kemiskinan," kata Marty.
Selain mendapat kehormatan gambarnya dijadikan desain perangko PBB seri tahun 2008, Bryan juga mendapatkan penghargaan dari PBB berupa sertifikat.
Desain perangko yang digarap Bryan bercerita tentang anak-anak yang setelah pulang sekolah membantu ibu mereka dengan mencari uang melalui keterampilan mereka, yaitu dengan menggunakan sisa-sisa bahan pakaian jahitan.
"Idenya memang dari saya. Saya dulunya penjahit dan banyak kain-kain yang tidak terpakai yang bisa digunakan. Dia ternyata bisa menggambarkannya dengan mudah. Dulu waktu kecil dia terbiasa mencoret-coret kertas sisa guntingan pola yang saya kerjakan," papar ibunda Bryan, Rosiana Fardimin (43), yang mendampingi Bryan ke New York untuk menerima penghargaan dari PBB.
Selain oleh Rosiana, bocah kelahiran Pontianak pada 16 Desember tahun 2000 dan saat ini duduk di kelas 2 SD Suster Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, itu juga didampingi oleh kepala sekolahnya, Rosa De Lima.
Bryan sendiri mengaku senang mendapat penghargaan PBB atas hasil karyanya. Ia juga mengungkapkan harapannya untuk dapat bertemu dengan satu tokoh di Indonesia untuk menunjukkan penghargaan yang diterimanya tersebut. (*/boo)

A Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun from the Land of the Sleeping Crocodile East Timor
by Cliff Morris

CONTENTS
Introduction

First published in 1992 by Baba Dook Books 3 Hoadley Ave Frankston, Australia 3199

First Internet version distributed in November 2003. (http://au.geocities.com/lev_lafayette/morris.html)

ISBN 959 1922 2 0

Printed by Photo Offset Productions, Fitzroy 3065

INTRODUCTION
All text following this introduction is a near-exact transcription of Cliff Morris' 1992 Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun. There have been some very minor editing changes to some obvious errors which is inevitable when an individual is author, editor and responsible for publication. For example, in the original page 67 of the booklet, the word 'window' is denoted as being from Portuguese origin, when it is clear that what was meant was the word 'DINELA'. Less obviously to those unfamiliar with Tetun was the accidental dropping of the final 'k' in 'HAKARAK' on the first phrase on page 73.

As Mr. Morris will state, this is a book that primarily deals with what he calls the Tetun-Los dialect, which he differentiates from Tetun-Prasa, Tetun-Terik and Tetun-Belu. Contemporary linguists knowledgeable in the field of the languages of Timor are mainly of the opinion that Tetun-Terik and Tetun-Los are actually one and the same, whereas Tetun-Belu refers to the western dialect, split by the former Portuguese - Dutch (and now Timor Leste - Indonesia) border. As would be expected the Tetun-Belu dialect includes a larger number of Bahasa Indonesian loanwords, whereas Tetun-Prasa has a large number of words with Portuguese origin. Whilst visitors to East Timor with a European heritage will find the Tetun-Prasa version easier, especially if they have familiarity with any of the Romance languages, use of the alternative Tetun-Terik words is met with pleased recognition.

Language is the foundation of cultural identity, the mutual recognition of symbolic values and, often overlooked, the metaphorical connections between different symbolic values creating a narrative of meaning. It is not too much to suggest that when a language dies, a culture dies and often all that remains is a lingering memory often encapsulated in a handful of words and phrases and some behavioural mores. In this perspective, the newly re-established Democratic Republic of Timor Leste has seen fit to establish Tetun as a national language, although standardised spelling and grammar are still a matter of some debate. A visitor to East Timor will notice significant variation, of which what is provided in Mr. Morris' book is but one example.

It is very unfortunate that Cliff Morris', who died on October 5, 1998, never saw the re-establishment of an independent East Timor. Mr. Morris' interest in East Timor dates back to the second world war in 1942 when Australia placed commandos there (under protest from neutral Portugal) to establish links with potential local resistance and to distract Imperial Japan's moves towards Australia. In a sense the plan worked as the Japanese soon followed the Australian invasion, resulting in a massive loss of life to the Timorese as fighting broke out. Mr. Morris was part of the 2nd/4th Independent Company of Commandoes from September 1942 to January 1943. Following the Indonesian invasion in 1975, Mr. Morris recalled his debt and agitated for basic medical supplies and self-determination for the Timorese people for the rest of his life. In addition to this phrasebook, he also published a more complete dictionary and a book of Timorese mythic tales in Tetun and English.

This transcription has been undertaken for free distribution under the GNU Public License over computer mediated communications. As the world's newest nation is re-established it also comes at a time when the world is adopting a new means of communication, a technology which may prove to be as powerful as the invention of movable type print. It is important under such circumstances that others in the world are provided the opportunity to learn about the East Timorese cultures and to learn the language of this extraordinarily stoic, resiliant and caring people.

This work was conducted in September and October of 2003, the last weeks of working with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Democratic Republic of East Timor, and the first weeks of my return to Australia. The text-editing packages GEdit and KWrite were used under the Red Hat and Mandrake distributions of the Linux operating system. At the time of publication it is the largest online Tetun dictionary.

I give my most sincere thanks to Celastina and Nona of Kuintaal Kiik, Santa Cruz for helping me understand the Tetun language with patience and humour and to Erica Hoehn for proofreading and other assistance in transcription. Thanks is also given to Liza Dezfouli for giving me a copy of the dictionary in the first instance. In addition to the transcription, I also provided the xhtml coding.

Lev LafayetteMelbourne, Australia, October 2003

THE AUTHOR

Cliff Morris went to East Timor as a twenty year old soldier during 1942 where he learned about the complexities of the Animist religion and to admire the Timorese people for their common human concern for all people. On visiting the island in 1973 accompanied by his son Peter, he learned how the friendship so freely given in 1942 had cost the people very dearly in the revenge carried out by the Japanese, after the departure of the Australian troops.

He resolved to commit his life to do something of everlastng good for the people. For ten years he struggled to completing a 10,000 word Tetun-English dictionary from his own fading memory, then with the help of Paulo Quintao da Costa who authenticated the word list, it was finally published by the Australian National University in 1984 as a memorial to all those who lost their lives in Timor in the war against the Japanese. In 1983 he travelled Australia looking for people who were well versed in the story telling of the Animist religion and from this work produced a small book containing some of the village stories and poems to save them from being lost as they are probably no longer told in their country of origin.

FOREWARD

Tetun is spoken over the whole of Timor in varying degrees of expertise and a number of regional dialects, but this dictionary is based on TETUN-LOS, because this is the dialect I learnt as a soldier in East Timor during the Second World War. This dictionary has been produced to assist travellers to East Timor, as a means of better communication with the localpopulation. While Indonesian is the language now officially spoken and taught within the areas, Tetun has remained as the language for communication among the local populace.

All grammar and syntax refers only to Tetun-Los which is spoken along the south coast between Betano in the west, Luka in the east, and Soibada in the north.

The word list contains approximately 1100 words as the least number necessary for conversation. I hope those visiting East Timor will find the contents useful in helping to make their visit more enjoyable among a people to whom I owe an unpayable debt for their completely unselfish devotion to my welfare in a most difficult time during the operations against the Japanese that eventually cost so many Timorese their lives after my return to Australia in 1943. Anyone wishing to obtain a more extensive word list can purchase a copy of my Tetun-English dictionary from Pacific Linguistics at the Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra 2601, Australia. (Catalogue, Series C, No 83.)

Examples of written Tetun can obtained from the author in the stories - "Land of the Sleeping Crocodile" at 3 Hoadley Av, Frankston, Vic 3199.

LANGUAGES OF EAST TIMOR

Students of Timorese languages will soon learn that Timor is a land of many different languages and dialects with relatively few speakers of each. Consequently, the total area in which each language or dialect is spoken is very restricted, except Tetun-Dili, which has speakers over all of Timor. This dialect of Tetun is a simplified version introduced by the Portuguese to give a common commercial tongue among all the people. Therefore there is a wide variety of expertise among these speakers, who will invariable have another language as their mother tongue or first language.

The number of distinct languages within East Timor will vary according to the way a language is designated. Listed are the main languages and dialects, with the town merely being the nearest to the area in which the language is spoken (A. Cappell, 1934):

Language Town

Bunak Bobonaro

Dagada Lautem

Galole Manututu

Galole Laclo

Galole Laleia

Idate Laklubar

Kemak Bobonaro

Makasae Laga

Makasae Ossu

Mambae Aileu

Mambae Ainaro

Midiki Baguia

Na'uete Uato Karabau

Nogo-Nogo Kailaku

Nogo-Nogo Atabae

Tokodede Likisa

Tokodede Maubara

Uaimo'a Baukau

Alas

Bariki

Bubu

Susu

Dili

Dotik

Fatu Berliu

Fatu Lulik

Fatu Mea

Foho Ren

Kamnasa

Luka

Remexio

Samoro

Suai

Tilomar

Ue Keke

Atambua

While Tetun is understood in all areas of Timor, there is a wide variation in the pronounciation and vocabulary, as the above languages have influenced Tetun in the areas of use. Similarly many words have been adopted from other languages. Even in areas where Tetun is regarded as the mother tongue there are a number of distinct dialects to add to the student's confusion.

Over many millenia the Timorese have developed a strong skill in the art of story telling, which is demonstrated in poetry by the Na'i Lia's eloquent and expansive oratory.

Tetun/Tetum

This dictionary has endeavoured to follow the general usage wherever possible therefore TETUN rather than TETUM is regarded as being the correct name for the language because the Portuguese spell many words with 'M" where the phonetic sound is 'N', and this is what they have done with the word TETUM. Some people have erroneously adopted the 'M' spelling as the phonetic sound.

The wise old men (KATUAS) tell us that the people who lived on the plains (TETU, adjective), therefore the people who spoke the language were of the plains (TETUN, noun). There can be no argument as to the name of the language or its spelling as adjectives are changed to nouns by adding N. In any case no other Tetun word ends in M.

The biggest concentration of natural Tetun speakers occurs in the central south coast of East Timor, from Luka in the east to Alas in the west. While there are small regional differences within this area they are not sufficient to consider any of them a separate dialect. The dialect of this area has been called TETUN-LOS, and has been regarded as standard Tetun in this dictionary.

Broadly, Tetun can be divided into four main dialects:

TETUN-LOS centered around the town of Soidada and the Kingdom of Samoro and along the coast between Alas and Luka. No attempt has been made to include the more complex ritual language of poetry, which is used throughout all areas which Tetun is spoken.

TETUN-TERIK, spoken in the north-west of East Timor and the north-east of West Timor. This dialect is closely related to Tetun-Belu.

TETUN-BELU, spoken in the south-west of East Timor and the south-east of West Timor. Both this dialect and Tetun-Terok are often regarded as distinct languages from Tetun-Los because of different definitions for individual words, but the grammar and syntax are still synonymous.

TETUN-DILI (also known as TETUN-PRASA), the dialect taught to the Portuguese and other people needing a common language for commerce. This language is simpler in grammer than the other dialects and was regarded as the lingua franca in Portuguese times, but is now being challenged by Bahasa.

THE PEOPLE OF EAST TIMOR

The island of Timor is very mountainous in relation to its size. The majestic mountains seem to rise without pattern that would be expected for ranges in other places. The river valleys cut into the mountains in most unlikely angles. They are always steep with fast running streams, especially when it rains. The total area of Timor is nearly 3,000 kilometres. It is one of the most easterly island in the Lesser Sunda archipelago, most of which belongs to Indonesia. East Timor has an area of about 19,000 square kilometres. For almost 450 years the area has been known as Portuguese Timor, but in 1976 was annexed by Indonesia as Timor Timur (East Timor), it's 27th province. In 1974, the last official Portuguese census, the population was 680,000. In 1980 the population was 555,350 according to the census conducted by the Indonesian authorities.

In Dili, the capital, it is always hot and there are only two seasons wet and dry.

The morals and social behaviour are not governed by our European standards, but it would be a mistake to regard the culture is in any way primitive. There is no doubt that much of its past culture has depredated because of events that have occurred since 1975, nevertheless there will be enough of the old culture left to open the eyes of all who see it. It is important to look below the surface and gain the most from your visit to the island. The KUTUAS (wise old men) say, "Only those with their eyes open can see."

Much of my own Timorese cultural knowledge may be historic, and not appliciable to present day East Timor, though the fundamental beliefs of the Animists in Mother Earth must still exist in the minds of everyone in what is a very complicated culture. It is always hard to discover the deep intrinsic beliefs and mores of any society. I hope when you leave East Timor you will come away with some of the understanding and admiration I have for these very caring and brave people.

Timorese are of three different racial groups. But because of a long history of intertribal marriage there are no distinct physical features among people except in language. There are 16 languages and between 34 and 36 dialects. The people living along the south coast are Polynesian in language and custom, while those living on the north coast are Melanesian. In the mountains ther are people who can be described by their language as Aboriginals.

Timor has had sophisticated contact with the world for many centuries. The Belu (Tetun) empire extended its power over much of the island but after the Europeans arrived much of the old empire contracted to its present area of indigenous Tetun speakers. The Chinese were regular visitors long before the Portuguese arrived in Timor. The indigenous lunar calendar is similar to the Chinese, the Timor pony has Asian origins and existed in Timor before the Portuguese. The musical instruments are Asian in design and sound. It has been recorded in Chinese history that the Liurai at Besa Kama (the old Belu capital) paid a yearly tribute to China before the Portuguese Dominicans were on the scene in 1566. The attraction to Timor was because of its sandalwood, supposedly the best in the world. It was the sale of sandalwood that gave the Liurais their power and was the cause of their long past internecine wars. The liurais wanted land - land that grew sandalwood, and with the land came people to harvest it. Sandalwood gave them the power to expand their empires. This greed of the liurais caused their subjects to be involved in the danger of war. In the 16th and 17th centuries the Timorese had a reputation for being very warlike. The people of East Timor have a long long history of rebellion against their Portuguese colonial masters.

Timorese are by nature most polite with a great deal of outward humilty and seem willing to agree to anything rather than upset strangers in their land. Thus it is easy to receive a wrong answer to questions, especially leading questions, merely because most people will only be trying to show good manners. Timorese respect others for their social position and education, as well as wealth, but they do not discriminate on the ground of race. This simple fact will put most Australians on an equal footing in their initial contact.

Timorese relatives cover a much wider circle than in Australia. Close kinship is regarded to exist among the uncles, aunts, and cousins of their in-laws' in-laws and a strong loyalty is given to all relatives. In past times the whole society revolved around incurring debts to ones relatives to build a bank of indebtedness for future help in all of the various tasks of living that could be accomplished more efficiently with a number of people, such as growing food, harvesting, house building, feasts, and the Animist religious ceremonies of death, birth and marriage.

Timorse culture was oral, therefore it is only natural that the people had developed strong skills in story telling and in poetry which could be told by anyone. But the ultimate in the art were the LIA NA'IN (also NA'I LIA, literally meaning lord of words), who could without hesitation relate verse on any subject at great length straight out of their heads. There were a number of traditional patterns, but the most common was DADOLIN, where each verse was in two lines and each line was in two phrases. The first phrase of the second line repeated the meaning of the last phrase of the first verse but with different words. It was not uncommon for a skilled Lia Na'in to recite for hourse, all of it verse that had never been heard until then. The actual words of the poetry rarely spoke on any subject with direct meanings. The true meanings were intended for people versed in the culture; e.g. reference to a blossum not yet in full bloom = a virgin; nectar tasted by many = a girl of easy virtue; fruit eaten before it was ripe = drought; things that move in the night = spirits; dreaming of riches = greed; to cry alone = loneliness, or deserted, and so on it went. The real art was to repeat the important points as often as necessary to drive into the mind the message that the poet thought was needed. It is also important to keep in mind the Timorese philosophy that everything has a balancing opposite, such as hot and cold, wet and dry, good and bad, up and down, sky and earth, etc. which were also included in the poetry to complicate the telling.

In every village, the Katuas would tell stories to the children to instruct them in the lore and the code of behaviour of the clan so that on adulthood each person would know how to behave socially and know and accept their position in life. The society was very class conscious. Before the Portuguese the lowest class was LUTUN (the cattle keepers) then ATAN (slaves), EMA RAI (common people), DATO (nobility and royalty). Interspersed were MATAN DOOK (doctor), BUAN (sorcerer) MALULIK (keeper of sacred relics) and LIURAI (king). These were inherited upper class positions. From the Dato came ASU'UAIN (warriors). Marriage offered the only means of rising above the class into which one had been born.

A most important facet of Timorese life for Christians and non-Christians alike, was living with the KLAMAR (the souls of the dead) who had not gone heaven or were unable to leave this earth for any reason. It was a Timorese belief that a wandering soul was always on the lookout to invade (or return to) the body of living persons where it would cause untold havoc and eventual death unless the klamar was persuaded to leave its new home. These spirits would enter the body through a number of body orifices. Their favourite entry sites were the nose or eyes, never through the mouth or genital orifices. Not all spirits were evil. Some in fact were guardians to keep the evil ones away and in times of danger would appear to warn their ward so that a degree of stability continued to exist. Living in the Animist world was a continual struggle to keep life flowing with as much stability as possible. The MATAN DOOK (doctor) could invoke all sorts of potions (herbal medicine) and fetishes to nullify a HOROK (spell) from a klamar or one placed by the BUAN (sorcerer), who had very wide powers to create havoc among everyone. His power was much stronger than the Matan Dook. The position of Matan Dook was handed on from father to son after many years of training. It was usually inherited among the Dato therefore it was a social status within the clan. The position of Buan could be inherited by any likely candidate with the proper aptitude after a long period of training and be either male or female, but usually male. A Buan had a religious standing in the community, which would give him a fearful respect. Even an important Liurai would treat a Buan with humble respect and fear. Within the orbit of the Animist religion all living things have souls, both plant and animal. Evil spirits came from creatures, especially those who spent the first half of their lives in water, and also came from the souls of people who lived a bad life.

Another being with supernatural power was the witch, in some areas known as KUKULASAK. In natural form she was an old woman, but had the power to transform herself into any other living thing. She could appear as a beautiful young woman to entice innocent people into sorts of danger with her beguiling ways. Every village had stories about witches appearing before some relative and by all sorts of trickery taking them away, never to be seen again. Some parents even told their children that witches like to eat people, especially plump, naughty children.
In the Animist religion it is believed that we are on this earth for a short period and after death on this earth we would return to the womb of the earth through the many vaginas that exist in the FATU KUAK (caves) in Timor. Therefore we must live a good life to return to our origins at the completion of the ephemeral stay on earth. All tribal debts have been repaid by our surviving relatives in order to free the soul and enable a feast to be held to celebrate the spirit's passage to heaven. Every community has a legend about the first men appearing out of the earth to form their clan. In previous times Timor was a cashless society and the wealth of an individual was assessed by the amount of livestock that they owned, such as horses, buffaloes, goats, pigs as well as gold and silver. These animals were not used in everyday life as food. There was a much more important use for them; in life they showed how successful a person had been and in death many of these animals were slaughtered for the feast which sent the soul to heaven. Animals were NEVER sacrificed as a tribute to any religious ceremony, but as food for the invited guests. Feasts were held to celebrate births where the correct proportion of direct and in-law relatives were invited. As marriages were often arranged as political alliances rather than for any other reason, the guests at a birth feast could easily be from another kingdom far away. These feasts or gatherings served to reinforce obligations that each alliance placed on each clan and helped keep peace within the whole community.

At planting time special ceremonies were conducted to placate the Klamar and ensured that the guardian Klamar knew the seeds were being planted in the womb of Mother Earth. The guardian Klamar could then ensure the seeds were fruitful. If the planting was carried out at the first rain but no following rain occurred then it was said that an evil spirit had killed the soul of the plant and not that the farmer had made a mistake by planting too early. At harvest time it was always a race to reap the crops before the rats consumes the year's crop. Rats, of course, were the work of an evil spirit. The same was said if the plants became diseased, or failed for any other reason, like too much rain.

The UMA (house) in Timor was much more than a place for the family to live. In the Animist religion there was no church, and the family home served this purpose much better. The traditional house had two poles as its base foundation. These two poles represeneted the male and female (all things in Timor came in pairs), and divided the house into two areas, where the woman of the house ruled supreme. Because the house had this religious significance. The woman of the house acted as the religious head of the family. On the female pole hung the woven bags containing the dried placentas of the occupants of the house. These articles should follow each person throughout their life, otherwise they had no protection against any Klamar. Also each person would not be able to return to Mother Earth as whole person on their death.

Disasters were accepted with stoic fatalism as the work of an evil spirit. Even accidents were ascribed to fetishes or invasions of spirits. Therefore the Timorese were able to accept the most horrific ill-fortune and still be able to carry on as if nothing out of the ordinary had happened. Because of the importance of combating the effects of the Klamar, some people would change their name after a serious misfortune so that the Klamar would not know them any more, and nothing would persuade them to admit to being previously known by their prior name, which was very disconcerting for the Portuguese conducting the bi-annual census. During the Second World War the Australian soldiers in East Timor employed many adolescent boys to help them with their baggage. One day while being chased by the Japanese, we had to cross a flooded stream. The usual method was to enter the stream with the upstream leg bent and down stream leg stiff and by a forward hopping action progress across to the other bank. During the course of crossing two of the Timorese boys were hit by rocks along along the bed of the stream and were swept down stream and drowned. The Australian soldiers were most upset with such a tragic personal loss but the Timorese said, "We are here to protect the Australians. All the Australians are safe, and that is all that is important." It would have been very bad manners to have shown grief to us. There are many other instances that could be related about the care for other people the Timorese showed us during our war in Timor.

Marriage and the arrangement of marriage consumed a great deal of time and ceremony. The usual and preferred method was by HAFOLI (lit:to fix the value) where a go-between (a katuas close to the family) would spend up to a year and even longer fixing the terms of the alliance. The proper gifts were passed to each side as the terms were gradually sorted out. At each stage the Lia Na'in would recite long lengths of poetry DADOLIN (two line verse) emphasising the merits of the alliance to the opposite side. A Lia Na'in from the other side would do the same, as the guests ate food supplied by the groom's relatives. When the terms had been agreed upon, and the initial gifts exchanged, (buffalo, and horses from the groom's family as well as gold and silver, and from the bride's family goats, pigs and cloth) the two young people often lived together on a nightly basis in the house of the girl's parents. Consummation was the only recognized rite of marriage. Now that so many Timorese are Christian, the priests could be insisting on a marriage ceremony similar to that conducted in our churches.

In times past marriage was not entered upon lightly. Firstly the prospective groom would approach his parents for permission to marry. Then the elders would decide if the young man was a suitable candidate to become a full member of the clan, as only married men and women were allowed to enter fully into all the religious rites and secrets. If for any reason the elders decided that the young man was not suitable to become a full clan member (as a practising priest of Mother Earth), then no arrangement could be made for his marriage. Of course this does not happen any more. Since 1975 many young men take the woman of their choice as their wife without any ceremony. This is called HAFE. Unlike in our Western culture, marriage between first cousins is not frowned upon, provided the nupital couple were the children of a brother or sister. Two children of sisters or brothers was strictly forbidden.

Slavery was an accepted way of life even in 1975. It was a very benign practice, but it still existed, even though it had been outlawed by the Portuguese. It was not uncommon for young boys and some girls to be sold into slavery. I personally know some young Timorese refugees who were slaves in Timor. Another way of describing the practice would be to say the ATAN (slave) was an upaid servant, also called KREADO (nurse for a baby), who was not free to leave the family. Their masters were responsible for their welfare and usually the slave was treated humanely. It was not unusual for a slave to become part of the family to such a degree that on adulthood he married a daughter of the family.

The Timorese have a special reverence for death. It was the time when the virtues of the deceased were told to the world at great length by the mourners. The demise of an important clan member meant much displacement of power, with new positions to be filled. Sometimes it was found that the only solution was to offer the position to someone in a neighbouring clan. In extreme situations the clan was split into two. It has been said to me by a KATUAS (wise old man) that by nature man is a spiller of blood, and is incapable of controlling his actions which are against the needs of Mother Earth, where harmony will ensure a fruitful life for humans. Therefore it is better for him to satisfy his instinct outside his family, so that he can live in harmony at home with his wife and children. After about a year, all the relatives and those who had a debt owing to them, or those who had an alliance with the deceased were invited to a KORE METAN (celebration of departure) back to where the soul of the deceased had emerged form the womb of Mother Earth. Many final debts were repaid in the work involved in the preparation of the feast. The guests gorged themselves with meat and TUAKA (palm wine) for anything up to a week of dancing and telling stories of the virtues of the departed.
I do not purport that what has been written is anything but a thumbnail sketch of the psyche of East Timorese culture, because it is difficult to obtain more than a glimpse into the religious life of the Timorese Animist world. I am happy if it helps the traveller have a greater understanding and appreciation of life in East Timor.

PRONOUNCIATION

Tetun is a soft language, because of the lack of harsh gutteral sounds. The stress is usually on the penultimate syllable with a few exceptions.

Capital letters denote stress:

RAI, earth

Sometimes the letter U may act as a consonant similar to English W. In some areas this sound is changed to B as more natural sound for that district:

la-UA-rik, youth (la-BA-rik)

UA-ni, honeybee (BA-ni)

UE, water (BE)

A small number of Tetun words are stressed irregularly on the last syllable.

ha-RE, riceta-FE, to spiteha-HU, to beginko-A, to crow

Tetun also has double vowels, which are an extension of a single sound, e.g.

BOOT, big

AAT, bad, evil

ba-DAAK, rice powder

The glottoral stop is common and important practice of speech in Tetun between vowels, as a break or hiatus, and is indicated by '. It can be described as a click at the back of the throat:

KO-'-a, to cut

NA-'-uk, to steal

BE-'-u, to thresh grain

Hyphenated words are pronounced as two words, but the stress is on the last penultimate syllable:

aman-IKun, uncle

bere-LOik, spider

bai-RUa, day after tomorrow

Consonants are sometimes prefixed to root words, mostly as expletives, to become part of the first syllable, but to be pronounced in such a way to be barely distinguishable:

KBA-but, troublemaker

KBE-lak, disc

KDO-ran, water vessel

Some words are pronounced differently in two or more districts:

BUU, KBUU, sack

A number of words from other languages are included because they are in such common usage they can be regarded as part of the alphabet. The are spelt phonetically:

AMIGU, friend (from Portuguese AMIGO)

BARLAKE, marriage (from Indonesian BERLAKI)

Diphthongs (double vowel sounds):

AI like i in ice, AIN, foot

EI like e in below, TEIK, to stamp the feet

OI like oy in boy, HAKOI, to bury

UI like we, TAFUI, to spit

AU like ou in pound, BAUR, rainbow

EU like ew in sew, KAKEU, a tree

OU like ow in bow, BOU to heap

Some letters of the English language are not natural to the Tetun language, but may appear in loan words (i.e. introduced words.) Some words are changed to a more natural sound and some letters are interchangebale from district to district, especially where Tetun is spoken as a second language.

letter, changed to, examples

B, F, BAKU FAKUU, B, LAUARIK LABARIK

foreign letters
G, K, GABRIEL KABRIEL

G, D, GENTIO DENTIU

C, K, CAFE KAFE

C or Cceil;, S, AC¸U ASU

CH, S, CHA, SA

QU, K, VIQUEQUE, UE KEKE

V, U, VACA UAKA or BAKA

Z, S, ZEFERINO SEFERINO

Some English combinations like "CH", "TH" are unpronounceable by Timorese, "thing" being siad as "ting".

The approximate sounds of the alphabet are:

A, like "a" in father

B, as in English

D, as in English

E, like "e" in set or "a" in fake

F, like "f" in father

H, like "h" in harm

I, like "ea" in tea

K, like "k" in kite

L, like "l" in like

M, as in English

N, as in English

O, like "o" in hot or not.

P, as in English

R, like scottish rr with a roll of the tongue

S, like "s" in some

T, as in English

U, like "w" in wake as first letter other letters like "oo" in boot

Note: The letters C, G, J, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z are not normally used in Tetum (see above notes on loan words). However loan words still retain their original form, so it is possible to find all letters of the English alphabet.

Vowels and consonants at the end of words.

E & O are at the end of words are pronounced slightly open.

HARE, to see

SELE, to destroy

KOKO, to try

LEBO, to carry

Final AE, OE, EO are pronounced slightly open and are articulated as two syllables.

HAE, grass

MALAE, foreigner

SASOE, palm leaf cape

LALEO, hut

KULEO, seasickness

KAKAE, cockatoo

In final -EK, -ET, -OK, -OT the consonant is weakly pronounced.

This section is a summary of the morphology and syntax of well-spoken Tetun-Los, though it should be noted that the number of of Tetun dialects, and the intrusion of the neighbouring languages, has not made the task of what constitutes good Tetun an easy one.

Nouns

Nouns are both singular and plural, but can be made either by the insertion of "IDA" for singular, "SIRA" for plural after the noun.

KUDA IDA, a horse;

UMA IDA; a house,

EMA IDA, a person;

ASU SIRA, the dogs;

EMA SIRA, the person, or the people.

Some words express emphatic degees of the meaning by partial repition, i.e. by omitting the last consonant in the first part:

TEBES, true;

TETEBES, very true;

MANAS, hot;

MANAMANAS extremely hot.

Note: this applies to all parts of speech.

Words which require emphasis repeat the first syllable of the word as a prefix: MOURIS, MOUMOUSIS, alive.

Also refer to HAE and MAKA in dictionary text.

Gender of Nouns

Nouns have no formal gender, but masculinity and feminity may be expressed by adding the following words to the noun:

Tetun Dili
other dialects
male
female
male
female
human
mane
feto
mane
feto
animal
aman
inan
aman
inan
animal
amak
inak
plant
mane
feto
manen
feton

OAN MANE, boy;

KUDA INAN, mare;

AI DILA MANEN, male pawpaw (one that does not bear fruit).

Expression of Possession

Possession is shown in nouns by placing NIA between the possessor and the person or thing possessed:

KARAU NIA DIKUR (buffalo's horn), or horn of (the) buffalo (literally: 'buffalo-his-horn'); KUDA NIA AIN, horse's leg, or leg of horse (literally: 'horse-his-leg').

In conversation NIA is often dropped; e.g. KARAU DIKUR etc.

Definite and Indefinite Articles

Tetun has no special words for "a", "an", or "the" but "IDA" meaning "one" can perfrom these functions, e.g. FAHI IDA a/the pig.

The plural article is formed by adding "SIRA", e.g. FAHI SIRA, the pigs.

Adjectives

Adjectives always follow the noun without exception. They may be formed from other words that end in a vowel by adding the letter K.

Nouns and other words ending in N may change this to Km but are often left as they are. Some adjectives are formed by prefixing "HAK" but mostly "NAK", particularly those with a verbal sense.

Personal Pronouns

1st pers. sing., I me, HA'U

2nd pers. sing., you you (polite), O ITA

3rd pers. sing., he she her it, NIA

1st pers. pl., we us (exclusive) we us (inclusive), AMI ITA

2nd pers. pl., you, IMI EMI3rd pers. pl., they them they (Tetum-Belu), SIRA SIA
Pronoun subjects and objects are not distinguished in Tetun. 'We' and 'us' inclusive includes those being spoken to (i.e. 'we and you'), while 'we' and 'us' exclusive (i.e. 'we alone') do not include those spoken to.

AMI MAI ATU IMI, TAN BA ITA HOTU MESA BELUN

We come to see you, because we are all friends.

Possessive Pronouns

The possessive pronouns are formed by placing the pronoun before the noun with NIA between them, e.g. HA'U NIA ASU, my dog. NIA NIA 'his' is normally shortened to NINIA, e.g. NIA NIA ASU or NINIA ASU, 'his dog, her dog'. In conversation NIA can be dropped when the known ends a vowel provided N or K is added to the end of the noun, e.g. HA'U ASUN, my dog.
HA'U NIAN, HA'UN, HA'UK, NIAN, NINIAN etc. are used as possessive pronouns where there is no noun at the end of a sentence.

Verbs

Root verbs are in the present tense. Verbs may be changed by the addition of particles and/or participles to make them active, reflexive infinite, past, future or present, as well as some conditions not found in English.

Tetun has no verb "to be", therefore care should be taken when transposing to English; OAN FETO MOE, the girl is shy, literally 'girl shy'.

Verbs beginning with H and O change with person. Other verbs prefix K for the first person singular; HA'U KBA, I go.

1st pers. sing., use letter K, HA'U KA I eat HA'U KBA I go

2nd pers. sing., use letter M, O MA you eat

2nd pers. sing. (polite)., use letter H, ITA HA you eat

3rd pers. sing., use letter N, NIA NA he eats

1st pers. pl. (inc)., use letter H, AMI HA

2nd person. pl. (exc)., use letter H, ITA HA we eat

3rd person pl., use letter R, SIRA RA they eat

3rd person pl. (Belu), use letter R, SIA RA they eat

Tense of Verbs

All verbs are naturally in the present tense, but may give the meaning of another tense by the context of sentence; NIA BA BASAR ABAN, he will go to the market tomorrow; NIA BA BASAR HORISEK, he went to the market yesterday. Tense may also be indicated by tense particles:
past tense ONA, TIHA

future tense SEI
Since all these particles can be used in other ways, examples are given of their use.

ONA

1. placed after the verb to form past tense: AMI HA ONA, we ate; MAU BERE BA ONA BAUKAU, Mau Bere went to Baukau. ONA in this use always indicates the immediate past (a short time ago).

2. placed after the word (not a verb) it qualifies to denote a recently completed action: LEKE MAUK MORAS, MAI BE DI'AK ONA, Leke Mauk was sick, but is well know.

3. placed after the word it qualifies as an adverb, meaning "enough", "sufficient": NE'E DI'AK ONA, that is good enough, also TO'O ONA and NATON ONA have the same meaning.

4. used as an intehection; DI'AK ONA, well, alright.

TIHA

1. placed after the verb forms past tense: BERE LELIK LA'O TIHA, Bere Lelike has gone (could be a short or long time ago); MAU LETO BA TIHA UMA, Mau Leto went home (some time ago).

2. placed after the word it qualifies to give the meaning of 'instead of': LEKI NAHAK LA BA BASAR, NIA BA TIHA SORO, Leki Nahak did not go to the market; instead he went hunting. NIA BA FILA TIHA SORO, or NIA BA TIHA FILA SORO, would mean instead he went hunting.

3. placed before ONA it indicates that the action is completely finished: LEKI BEREK HALAI TIHA ONA, Leki Berek has run away.

4. as a verb, to fish with a net: AMI TIHA IKAN BARAK, we net many fish.

5. as a verb to cast, fling, or throw: SIRE TIHA FATUK BA UE, they threw a stone in the water.

SEI

1. placed before the verb denotes future tense: ORAS ISA HA'U SEI KBA UA KREDA, shortly I will go to church.

2. placed before a verb can indicate that the action is still continuing: TETI BEREK SEI HARIS, Teti Berek is still having a bath.

3. used with DAUK or DAUN indicates negative future tense (sometimes used with LA, LAE): ISULINU SEI DAUK MAI, Isulinu will not come. Note: SEI LA DAUK MAI or LA DAUK SEI are just as correct. PAULU SEI DAUK HALO KNAAR IDA NE'E, Paulo will not do this work. Note: same combination as above applies. SEI DAUK on its own means 'not yet'.

4. placed before a verb can have the meaning of 'must' or 'obliged to': AIDA SEI HEMU AI MORUK NE'E, Aida must drink this medicine. O SEI HALO SERBISU IDA NE'E, you must do this work.

PARTICLES AND PARTICIPLES

-AN

particles placed after the verb to give it a reflexive meaning: NIA OHO AN, he killed himself. When used with RASIK means 'own' or 'self' the construction changes; SUKI NAKENAK RASIK NIA AN, or SUKI NAKENAK NIA AN RASIK, Suki wounds himself.

ATU-

placed before the verb to indicate purpose or intention: HA'U KBA ATU HARE BASAR, I go to see the market.

DAUDAUN

a particle following the verb indicating that the action is still continuing: LEKI MAUK LERE DAUDAUN DU'UT, Leki Mauk is cutting the grass.

HA-

a causative prefix forming new verbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives: BADAK, short; HABADAK, to shorten; MONU, to fall; HAMONU, to drop; FODAK, timid; HAFODAK, to startle. HA is a contraction of HALO, thus HALO BADAK is contracted to (>) HABADAK, literally 'make short'.

HAM-, HAN-

particles prefixed to verbs, nouns, and adjectives to form verbs which describe the state or action of the subject resulting from a continued action of the root word: TA'UK to fear > HAMTA'UK, to be in fear (of something); KUUS, nasal mucus > HAMKUSS, to have a cold; LAHA, hunger > HAMLAHA, to be hungry. Note: HAM- and HAN- are interchangeable.
LEREKparticle placed after verbs to indicate a state of rest, abandonment, or permanence: NIA MAI LEREK TASI IBUN, he came to the seashore (infers that he went no further than the seashore).

MA-, MAK-

particles prefixed to verbs to form nouns denoting the agent which practises the verb's action: HAFETU, to kick > MAFETUK, kicker; KAIR, to hold > MAKAIR LULIK, the keeper of the sacred house; LA'O, to walk > MALA'OK, traveller, HATETE, to talk > MATETEK, speaker; FUAK, fruitful > MAFUAK, fruiting tree. Note: root words beginning with H change to M, those ending in a vowel add K; also MA and MAK are second person forms of HA and HAK.

NA-, NAK-, NAM-

prefix to form verbs in third person plural; also forms verbal nouns and adjectives.

RA-, RAK-, RAM-, RAN-

prefix to form verbs in third person plural and also verbal nouns and adjectives.

HA'E

an emphatic particle stresstiung the word it preceeds, not translatable in English, used in all dialects. The Tetun-Dili equivalent is MAK, MAKA.

RESIN

an adverb meaning 'extra', 'plus'. It also forms cardinal numbers over ten: RUANULU RESIN IDA, twenty one, literally, twenty plus one.

TEN, TEEN

a particple affixed after a word to form nouns with a derogatory sense: BARUK, lazu; BARUK TEEN, laziness.

NUMERALS

Within East Timor there are two natural systems with decimal (10) and quintic (5) as basic units. The decimal system is universally understood and transposable to other decimal systems.

1 IDA

2 RUA

3 TOLU

4 HAAT

5 LIMA

6 NEEN

7 NITU

8 UALU

9 SIA

10 SANULU

11 SANULU RESIN IDA

21 RUANULU RESIN IDA

100 ATUS IDA

246 ATUS RUA HAATNULU RESIN NEEN

1000 RIHAN IDA

Larger numbers exist, but for practical purposes they are seldom used as most people using larger numbers do so in the Portuguese or Indonesian systems.

TETUN-ENGLISH

(P) = Portuguese word

(I) = Indonesian word

A

AAS, high, tall

AAT, bad, evil

ABAN, tomorrow

ABUT, root

AGORA (P), now

AHI, fire

AHI ANAR, ember, glowing coal

AHI HAHAN, cook by charring

AHI KELAN, ash

AHI KOSE, AI KOSE, match

AHI LAKAN, flame

AHI OAN, lamp

AHI SUAR, smoke

AHU, lime

AHU KRESAN, ash

AI, tree, wood, firewood

AI ABUT, root

AI BALU, box, chest

AI BEN, AI UEN, sap, juice, resin

AI BUBUR METAN, eucalyptus (black)

AI DILA, pawpaw tree

AI DILA FUAN, pawpaw fruit

AI FARINA, cassava flour

AI FUAN, fruit

AI FUAN ISIN, edible portion of fruit

AI FUAN KULIT, fruit skin

AI FUAN MUSAN, fruit seed

AI FUNAN, flower

AU FUNAN KINAS, petal

AI HUN, tree base

AI KAMELI, sandalwood

AI KEBELAK, plank, board

AI KULIT, bark of tree

AI LARAN, ALAS, forest

AI LELE, kapok

AI LIA, ginger

AI LOLON, trunk of a tree

AI LOS, straight tree

AI LUKA, AI FARINA, cassava

AI MAHON, shade

AI MANAS, chilli

AI MORUK, medicine

AI NAR, rose bush

AI RAHUN, sawdust

AI RII, AI RIIN, stake, post

AI SNAK, branch of a tree

AI SAR, broom

AI SARIAN, mahogany tree

AI SUAK, digging stick

AI TAHAN, leaf

AI TAHAN DIKIN, shoot

AI TAHAN SOKAT, young leaf

AI TARAK, thorn

AI FUKUN, knot in tree

AIN, leg, foot

AIN FATIN, footprint

AIN HIRA, how many sticks

AI SUKAT, measuring stick

AKA, sago

ALIN, younger brother

ALIN FETO, younger sister

ALU, ALUN, pestle

AMAK, masculine

AMAN, father, male of animals

AMAN BOOT, uncle older than father

AMAN KI'IK, uncle younger than father

AMAN SARANI, godfather

AMAN TUAN, grandfather

AMI, we (exclusive) AMIGU (P), friend

ANANAS (P), pineapple

ANAR, ash (see AHI NAR)

ANIN, wind

ANIN BOOT, strong wind

ANIN FUIK, cyclone

ASU, dog

ASU (P), steel, hard

ASU KUTIN, dog flea

ATAN, slave

ATEN METAN, liver

ATUS, hundred

AU, bamboo

AU TOUHU, sugarcane

BA, go, proceed, go off

BA, at, in, on, to, for

BABA, drum

BABETA, ankle ornaments

BABOO, horn trumpet

BABUKU, snal, slug

BABURIT, syringe

BADAAK, rice powder, talc

BADAIN, tradesman

BADAIN AI, carpenter

BADAK, short

BAER, BAAR, astringent taste

BAIN, UAIN, day

BAIN HIRA, when

BAKU, beat, punish

BAKU MALU, fight

BALADA, domestic stock

BALIU, axe

BALU, some, part, half

BALU, middle

BANI, honey bee

BANI BEN, honey

BANIN FETO, mother-in-law

BANIN MANE, father-in-law

BARAK, many, much

BARIA, bitter melon

BARUK, lazy

BARUK TEEN, laziness

BASAR, market

BATAR, maize, indian corn

BATAR FULIN, corn cob

BATAR NURAK, sweet corn

BAUR, rainbow

BE, UE, water

BE KOLAN, swamp

BE MATAN, spring

BEEN, liquid, juice, sap

BEIBEIK, often, continually

BEIK, stupid

BEIN, grandparent

BELAK, disc

BELAR, flat, level

BELE, can, able

BELU, friend

BERO, canoe

BESI, iron

BESI ASU, steel

BESIK, near, close

BE'U, thresh grain

BIBI, goat

BIBI MALAE, sheep

BIBI RUSA, deer

BIDU, dance

BIIN, sister

BIIT, strength

BI'IT, lift by fingers

BIKAN, plate

BINATAN, domestic animals

BIRAK, copper

BITI, sleeping mat

BOBAR, roll up, tricky

BOEK, shrimp

BOK, touch

BOKAR, thick

BOKON, wet

BOKUR, fat

BOLU, call out

BOOT, big, large

BOSOK, lie, deceive

BOTIL (P), bottle

BUA, betel nut

BUAN, sorcerer

BUAT, thing

BUAT RUMA, something

BUIS, savage, untamed

BUKA, seek, look for

BULAK, mad, crazy

BUSA, cat

BUU, KBUU, sack

D

DADA, pull, drag

DADER, early morning

DADINIS, mane of horse

DADOLIN, verse in two lines

DADUR, detain EMA DADUR, prisoner

DAHUR, song sung at gatherings

DALAN IDA, once

DALAN, track, road

DAMBUA, grapefruit

DASA, sweep

DATO, noble class

DAUN, needle

DA'AN, boil food

DEHAN, say, speak

DELEK, blind

DEROK, orange

DEROK MASIN, lemon

DE'IT, only

DIDIN, wall

DIKIN, leaf tip

DIKUR, horn, antlers

DIMA, spear

DINELA (P), window

DIUK, deaf

DI'AK, good, well

DOBEN, darling, dear

DODOK, rotten

DOIS, stink, smell

DOMINGU (P), Sunday

DOOK, far, distant

DUDU, push

DUKUR, sleep SULAS, twist

DUN, LA DUN, few, little

DUUNI, chase

DUUT, grass

E

EMA, person

EMA FUIK, savage, wild man

ERAVILA (P), pea

ESKOLA (P), school

ETU, rice (cooked)

F

FAHE, divide

FAHI, pig

FAHO, harrow weed

FAI, pound, crush

FALI, again

FALUK, widowed

FALUN, parcel

FALUR, pigeon

FANUN, awake

FASI, FASE, wash

FASI MOS, wash clean

FATIN, place, spot, position

FATUK, stone, rock

FATU KUAK, cave

FA'AN, sell

FEHUK, tuber of all kinds

FEHUK MIDA, sweet potato

FEHUK ROPA, potato

FEN, wife (impolite)

FERIK, old woman FETO, woman

FETO FALUK, widow

FETO FOUN, daughter-in-law

FETO RAN, virgin

FETOK, feminine

FILA, turn

FILA FALI, return, go home

FILKA, change, alter

FUSYR, abscess

FITUN, star

FO, give

FODAK, timid

FOHO, mountain

FOHO RAI, uthin

FOIN, just, already

FOKIT, pull, jerk

FOLIN, price, cost

FOREI, bean

FOREI KELI, soya bean

FOREI RAI, peanut

FOS, rice (husked)

FOUN, new, young

FO'ER, dirty

FUAK, pimply, fruitful

FUAN, fruit, heart

FUI, pour liquid

FUIK, wild, savage

FUKIT, pull out

FULAN, moon, month

FULIN, bunch

FULUN, hair (of body), feathers

FUMA (P), smoke tobacco

FUNAN, flower

FUNU, war

FURAK, tasty, nice

FURIN, foam of sea

FUTU, tie up

FUTUN, parcel, package

FUUK, hair of head

G

GARFU (P), fork

GOSTA (P), like

GURU (I), teacher

H

HA, eat

HAAS, mango

HAAT, four

HADAK, bamboo flooring

HADER, awake

HADI'AK, improve

HADOMI, love, like very much

HAE, grass variety

HAFETU, kick

HAFILA, return

HAFOIN, therefore, so, then

HAFULAK, embrace

HAHAN, food, nourishment

HAHANEK, wound

HAHOURIS, give birth

HAHU, begin

HAKARAK, want, desire

HAKAT, span of hand

HAKAT AIN, step, pace

HAKDIRUN, palm of hand

HAKEREK, write

HAFUIK, whistle

HAKILAR, shout, yell

HAKLALAK, shout

HAKMAHAN, camp

HAKOI, bury

HAKSI'AK, rowdy

HAKSOIT, jump

HAKSOLOK, happy

HAKSUMIK, hide

HALAI, run away

HALFODAK, astonish, frighten

HALI, banyan tree

HALIBUR, assemble, collect

HALIMAR, play

HALO, make, work, construct, do

HALO LOS, correct

HALUHA, forget

HAMLAHA, hungry

HAMNASA, laugh

HAMOS, cleanse

HAMROOK, thirsty

HAMUTU, HAMUTUK, together

HAN, food

HANANU, sing

HANEK, plate

HANESA, HANESAN, same, similar

HANOIN, think, remember

HANOURIN, teach

HARE, rice

HARE, see, look

HARE FULIN, ear of rice

HARE KAIN, rice stem

HARE NATAR, rice paddy

HARIS, bathe

HASAI, take away

HASAN, jaw, chin

HATAIS, clothes, get dressed

HATAMA, enter, insert

HATAN, answer, reply

HATENU, bark of dog

HATETEN, DEHAN, speak, talk, say

HATUDU, indicate, show way

HA'E, emphatic particle

HA'U, I HA'U NAIN, mine

HEIN, wait

HELA, live, stay, remain

HEMU, drink

HENA, cloth

HETAN, find, discover,

HILI, pick up

HIRA, how many, how much

HIRUS, angry, annoyed

HIRUS MATAN, chest

HITU, seven

HO, and, with

HODI, take, carry

HOPU, gallop

HOROK, charm, spell

HORON, smell

HORON KATAK, feel

HOTU, completed

HOTU, all

HOTU, too

HOURI, from (time)

HOUSI, from (place)

HUDI, banana

HUN, trunk of tree

HUN, base of anything

HUSAR, navel

HUSIK, leave, abandon

HUSU, ask

HUSU LIA, question

HUU, whisper, blow softly

HU'IN, genitals (female)

I

IBUN, mouth

IBUN KULIT, lip

IBUN RAHUN, beard

IDA, one; a

IDA DE'IT, one only

IDA IDA, each one

IDE NE'E, this one, this

IDE NE'E BA, that those

IDE NE'E BE, which, who

IDA NE'E DUNI, this one, definitely

IDA NE'E MAIZ, this one

IDA SELUK, another

IHA, is, have, possess

IHA, to at, on, in

IHA DOOK, far away

IHA KARUK, on left

IHA KIDUN, on the bottom

IHA KLARAN, in middle

IHA KRAIK, below

IHA KUANA, on right

IHA LARAN, inside

IHA LEET, in between

IHA LETEN, at the top, above

IHA LIMAN LOS, on right

IHA MOS NE'E BA, as well

IHA NE'E, here

IHE NE'E BA, there

IHA NIA OIN, in front of

IHA NIA SOURIN, at the side

IHA OKOS, underside

IHA ORAS NE'E, this time, then

IHA TUTUN, on top

IIS, breath

IKAN, fish

IKUN, tail

IKUS, last

IMI, you (plural)

IMI NIAN, yours

INA FERIK, grandmother

INAN BOOT, aunt older than mother

INAN KI'IK, aunt younger than mother

INUS, nose

INUS BEEN, snot

ISIN, body

ISIN MALARIN, fever

ISIN MANAS, fever

ITA, we (incl.), you (polite)

ITA NIA, our

ITA NIAN, ours

IU, shark

J

JAMBUA, DAMBUA, grapefruit

JANTAR (P), dinner

JOGA (P), play

JOGA SURAT (I), play cards

K

KA, or KA'AN, sister-in-law

KABAS, cotton

KABAS FATUK, cotton ball

KABAS LAHAN, cotton thread

KABEER, smooth

KABEN, wife (polite)

KABUAR, round, plump

KABUK, pregnant

KABUN, stomach

KABUN DULAS, stomach ache

KABUN MORAS, stomach ache

KADELI, ring

KADI, sharpen

KADO, saw

KAFE, coffee

KAIL, fish hook

KA'I LISIN, fish hook

KAIR, hold, grasp, drive car

KA'IT, hook, girlfriend

KAKATUA, cockatoo, pliers

KAKELUN, bracelet

KAKEU, casuarina tree

KAKOROK, neck, throat

KAKU, owl

KAKULUK, roof

KAKUTAK, brain

KAL, maybe, perhaps

KALAN, night

KALEN, tin

KALOHAN, cloud

KAN, greedy

KANEK, wound, injure

KANURU, spoon

KAOA, crow

KAPAS (P), good, capable, beautiful

KARAU, buffalo

KARAU KULIT, hide, leather

KARAU UAKA, oxen

KARAU UAKA AMAN, bull

KARAU UAKA OAN, calf

KARETA (P), truck, bus

KARIK, maybe, perhaps, if

KARO (P), car

KARUDU, mint

KARUK, left

KATAR, scratch, itchy

KATUAS, old man

KA'UT, bag, sack

KBAS, KEBAS, shoulder

KBELAK, disc

KDORAN, water vessel

KEDAN, KEDAS, immediately, at once

KEDO, frog

KELA, cricket (insect)

KELEN, thigh

KELEN SOLAN, groin

KELEUR ONA, long time ago

KESI, fasten, tie

KETA, KETAK, don't

KE'E, dig

KFOLI, loin-cloth

KFUI, whistle

KIAK, poor, orphan

KIDAN, haunch, hindquarters

KIDUN, bottom, buttocks

KIDUN MEAN, haemorrhoids

KILAT, firearm

KILAT FUAN, bullet

KINAS, petal

KINU, yellow

KINUR, saffron

KITI LILI, firefly, glow worm

KIUKAE, quail

KI'IK, little, small

KLAMAR, soul, spirit

KLARAN, middle

KLES, open, bare; a shred

KLEUK, bent, crooked

KLEUR, long time

KLOOT, tight, narrow

KLOSAN, young, single nobleman

KLUNI, pillow

KMAAN, light, not heavy

KMAHA, dew

KMANEK, good, goodness

KMAUS, rich

KMII, candlenut tree

KNAAR, work, job

KNIKU, bamboo water, vessel

KNUA, hamlet, village

KNUUK, nest

KOBARKA, basket

KOHE, purse

KOKO, try, attempt

KOKOK, touch, feel

KOKOROK, neck

KOLAR, smallpox

KOLE, KOLEN, tired; wages

KONA, towards KOSAR, sweat

KOSE, wipe, brush

KOTU, break

KOU'US, pregnant, cuddle

KO'A, cut

KO'A LIA, speak, talk

KRAIK, down

KREDA, chruch

KUAK, hole

KUANA, right

KUDA horse

KUDSA, sow seed, plant

KUDA HETIN, girth

KOTU KOTUK, saddle bag

KUDA LUHAN, stable

KUDA LUBUN, kick by horse

KUDA TAILN, halter, harness, rope

KUIK, KURITA, octopus

KULAN, giblet

KULIT, hide, skin, bark

KULU, breadfruit

KULU NAKA, jackfruit

KUNUS, capsicum KURITA, octopus

KURU, scoop water

KUSA, nail

KUTUN, flea

KUUS, snot, nasal mucous

KU'U, pick, gather

L
LA, LAE, no, not LA BELE, can not LA BUAT IDA, nothing LA DUN BARAK, not much LA IDA, none LA IHA, none LA LOS, wrong LA TOS, easy, not difficult LA TO'O, lacking LABADAIN, spider LABARIK, LAUARIK, youth LABARIK FETO, girl LABARIK MANE, boy LAEK, without, not any LAFAEK, crocodile LAFATIK, winnowing basket LAHA, hunger LAHAN, thread LAHAT, net for shrimps LAHO, rat LAI, first, formerly LAKAN, flame LAKETEU, pigeon LAKERU, pumpkin LAKLEUR, not long, soon LAKOI, don't want, refuse LAKON, lost LAKU, possum LALAIS (LAILAIS), quickly LALAR, fly (insect) LALATIK, earthworm LALEHAN, sky LALENOK, mirror LALKIKA, unnecessary LALORON, wave LAMAS, touch, feel LANTENT, sleeping area LANU, drunk LAPIS (P), pencil LARAN, inside, conscience LARAN AAT, evil LARAN MAKEREK, treacherous LARAN MORAS, sick LASAN, penis LASAN FUAN, testicles LA'EN, husband LA'O, go, walk, travel LA'O DE'IT, on foot, walk only LA-OS, nothing LEBO, carry LEKIRAUK, monkey LELE, float LEMU, travel about LENA, sesame LENUK, turtle LERE, trim, cut (garden, grass) LES, tear, rip LESU, hollow log for grinding LET, LEET, gap, space, between LETEN, above LE'U, fence in LIA, word, speech LIA SUIK, secret LIAN, voice, noise LIBRU (P), book LILIN, wax LIMA, five LIMAN, arm LIMAN FUAN, finger LIMAN KABON, arm LIMAN KUKUUN, finger nail LIMAN TANEN, palm LIPA, sarong LIS ASU, garlic LIS BOT, onion LIU, superlative LIU TAN, more, too much LIU TIHA, later LIUR, outside LIUR FATIUN, toilet LIURAI, king LOJA (P), shop LOKE, open LOLON, mass, body LORAIK, afternoon LORO, sun LORO LOR, south LORO MANAS, midday LORO NATUNTUN, midday LORO RUAI, north LORO SA'E, sunrise, east LORON, day LRORON MONU, sunset, west LORON NAROMAN, dawn LORU, LORU TAHAN, laurel tree, bay leaf LOS, right, correct, straight LOTUK, slender Slim LOURI, carry LUAN, courtyard LUHAn, stable LULIK, sacred LUTU, fence LUUN, tears LUUN TURU, cry tears
M
MAHAN, shade MAHAR, thick MAI, come MAI BE, but MAI FALI, come back MAK, MAKA, empathic particle MAKA'AS, strong, sturdy MAKEREK, tricky, variegated MAKIKIT, kite, eagle MAKSOURIN, kidney MALAE, stranger, foreigner MALAHUK, grey MALAIRIN, cold MALU, mutual, reciprocal MALUK, relatives MALUS TAHAN, betel leaf MAMAR, soft, gentle MAMIIK, bladder MAMUK, empty, hollow MANAN, win, earn MANAS, hot MANDUKO, frog MANE, man, male MANTOLUN, egg (hen) MANU, bird MANU FUTU, cockfighting MANU RADE, duck MANU RADE BOOT, goose MARAN, dry MAROMAK, good MASAR, asthma MASIN, salt MASIN MAIDAR, sugar MATAK, green, unripe MATAN, eye, lid MATAN DOOK, native doctor MATAN FUKUN, eyebrow MATAN KULIT, eyelid MATAN OAN, pupil MATE, dead MATE KLAMAR, spirit (of dead) MATEK, dormant, ignition off MATENEK, clever MAU, MAUK, male of names MAUN, brother MAUS, tame MEAN, red MEDA, small marsupial MEHI, dream MEIAS (P), sock MESA, MESAK, only, alone MESTRE (P), teacher METAN, black METI, short, reef METIN, solid, firm ME'AR, cough MIDAR, sweet MIHIS, thin MII, urinate, MEINA, fat, oil MODO, vegetable MODO BEN, soup MODOK, green, yellow MOE, shy, ashamed MOLOK, before (time) MONU, fall MORANGU (P), strawberry MORAS, sick MOS, clean; also too MOSU, appear MOTA, river MOTA AIN, reiver lower reaches MOTA IBUN, river mouth MOTA SULI, river bed MOULIK, bald MOURIN, scent MOURIS, alive MOUT, sink MUDA (P), move MURAK, gold MUSAN, seed MUTA, vomit MUTIN, white MUU, kiss
N
NA'AN, meat NAFATIN, always, ever NAHAN, cargo, goods NAHE, spread out, divide NAHUN, so, so much NAKDED AR, tremble NAKALI (BE), boil (water) NAKDOKO, rattle NAKFUNAN, mouldy NAKONU, full NAKUKUN, dark NALIUN, lake NANAL, tongue NANI, NANIN swim NARAN, name NARAN BUAT, anyone NARAN IDA, whoever NAROMA, daylight, not dark NARUK, long NATA, chew NATAR, paddy field NATI, bed bug NA'IN, sir (polite title) NA'UK, steal NEEN, six NEHAN, tooth NEHEK, ant NEINEIK, slowly NEON, conscience NESUN, mortar NE'E, this, that NE'E BA, that NE'E BE, which, who NE'E DUNI, therfore NE'E MAI, these NIA, he, possessive particle NIKI, bat (animal) NONA, mistress NONOOK, silent, keep quiet NUDAR, as, as well NURAK, young immature NUU, coconut NU'U NE'E, so, therefore NU'U NE'E DUNI, exactly NU'U SA, why
O
O, you (singular) OAN, child OAN FATIN, uterus OAN FETO, young girl OAN KIAK, orphan OAN MANE, young boy OBRIGADO (P), thanks ODA MATAN, door ODAN, step OHIN, today OHO, kill OIN, face, appearance OIN AAT, ugly, deformed OIN KRAIK, sad OIN SELUK, different OKOS, below ONA, now; past tense particle ORAS, hour, time OSAN, money OSAN MEAN, gold OSAN MUTIN, silver OSAN NARAN, dowry gift
R
RAAT, beach RABAT, near, close RAHUN, dust; fate RAI, ground, land, earth, world RAI AHU, fog RAI FOHO, mountain RAI HELA, guard RAI HENEK, sand RAI HORUN, precipice RAI HUN, mountain foot RAI INUS, cape RAI KABURBUR, hillock, mound RAI KLEAN, slope (of hill) RAI KUAK, hole RAI LOLON, ranghe RAI MALIRIN, cold weather RAI MANAS, hot weather RAI MARAN, dry weather RAI MOULIK, bare space RAI NAKDODO, earthquake RAI NAKUDU, dark RAI SADERE, hillside RAI SUUT, volcano RAI TARTUTU, thunder RAI UDAN, wet weather RAMA, bow RAMA ISIN, arrow RAN, blood RATE, grave RAUT, gather, collect REBEN, ten thousand REBU, lake REDI, fishing net RENTOS, forehead RESIN, more RE'I LIMAN, kiss hand RIAN, brother-in-law RIHUN, thousand RIIN, post, stake RITI, copper, brass RO, boat RO AHI, steam ship ROHAN, tip, extremity RONA, hear ROPA (P), clothes RO RII, mast ROSAK, strong RUA, two RUANULU, twenty RUIN, bone RUMAH, RUMA, any, something RUSA, deer
S
SA, tea SA, what SA IDA, which, what SABAUN (P), soap SABRUKA, orange SABULU, woman's sarong SABURAKA, orange SABURAKA SIIN, lemon SADERE, lean against, support SADIA, compassion SAI, go out SAKUNAR, scorpion SALA, fault, error, sin SALURIK, umbrella SAMA, trample SAMEA, snake SAMODO, green snake SANAK, branch SANAN, pot SANAN BESI, iron pot SANULU, ten SARAK, at least SARANI, Christian SARAUK, black and white SASAN, goods, belongings SASUIT, comb SA'E, climb, rise, mount, go up SA'E RO, board, embark SE, who, whom SEBI (P), chief SEI, future particle SEI DAUK, not yet SELE, destroy, rip up SELU, pay, repay SELUK, other, another SEMO, fly SENTINA (P), toilet SIA, nine SIIN, sour SIMU, answer, take, accept SIRA, they SI'AK, angry SI'IK, guess SOBU, destroy SOE, throw away, discard SOLAN, groin SONA, roast SORO, hunt SOSA, buy SOURI, defend SOURIN BALU, opposite side SOURI-AN, defend oneself SOURU, weave SOURUK, go away, get out SO'O, plough up SUBAR, hide, conceal SUBRAKA, orange SUBRAKA LOTUK, mandarin SUBRAKA SIIN, lemon SUHUK, asthma SUI, extract SUKAIR, tamarind SUKAT, measure SUKU, mend, sew SULAN, shut, cork up SULI, flow SUMIK, secret SUNU, scorch, burn SURA, count SURAT, paper, letter, book SURIK, sword SURU, serve meal SUSAR, difficult SUSU, breast SUSU BEN, milk SUSU MATAN, nipple SUSUK, mosquito SUSUN, suckle SUUT, blow nose
T
TAA, cut, chop TAA ULUN, decapitate TABAKU, tobacco TAFUI, spit TAHA, knife TAHAN, leaf TAHU, mud, clay TAI TETU, valley TAIS, garment TAKA, shut, close TALAS, yam TALIN, rope TAMA, enter, go in TAN, more; find TAN, more, again TAN BA, why, because TANIS, cry TARA, spur for cock fighting TARATA, insult TASKA, ripe TASI, sea TASI BALUN, overseas TASI BE, sea water TASI BOOT, rough sea TASI IBUN, beach TASI INUS, cape TASI KIDUN, sea bottom TASI MAUS, calm sea TASI NAKONU, high tide TASI SI'AK, angry sea TASTI TUN, low tide TATA, bite TAU, put, place TAUTAN, increase TA'UK, afraid TE, excreta TEBE DAI, dance TEBES, truly TETEBES, certainly TEIN, cook TEKI, gecko TENE, invite TERUS, suffer

TESI, cut

U

UALU, eight

UARTA, strong wind

UAT, vein

UDAN, rain

UDAN RAHUN, light rain

UDAN TAU, raining

UE, water also BE UIT OAN, small, little

UIT OAN DEIT, very little

UKUN, govern, rule

ULAR, worm

ULU, ULUM, first, before, in front

ULUK, formerly, in the past

ULUN, head

ULUN FATUK, skull

ULUN MORAS, headache

ULUN MOULIK, bald

UMA, house

UMA HAN, restaurant

UMA KAKULUK, house roof

UMA KREBEK, house ruins

UMA KREDA, church

UMA TALIN, house thatch

UTUR, mould

UUD, whale

UUT, dust

ENGLISH-TETUN

A

above, LETEN abscess, FISUR afraid, TA'UK afternoon, LORAIK again, FALI alive, MOURIS all, HOTU all, TOMAK always, NAFATIN and, with, HO angry, SI'AK angry, annoyed, HIRUS angry sea, TASI SI'AK ankle ornaments, BABETA another, IDA SELUK answer, reply, HATAN answer, take, accept, SIMU ant, NEHEK any, something, RUMAH, RUMA anone, NARAN BUAT appear, MOSU arm, LIMAN KABON arm, LIMAN arrow, RAMA ISIN as, as well, NUDAR as well, IHA MOS NE'E BA ash, AHU KRESAN ash, AHI KELAN ash, (see AHI ANAR), ANAR ask, HUSU assemble, HALIBUR asthma, MASAR asthma, SUHUK astonish, frighten, HAKFODAK astringent taste, BAER, BAAR at, in, on, to, for, BA at least, SARAK at the side, IHA NIA SOURIN at the top, above, IHA LETEN aunt older than mother, INAN BOOT aunt younger than mother, INAN KI'IK awake, HADER awake FUNUN axe, BALIU
B
bad, evil, AAT bag, sack, KA'UT bald, MOULIK bald, ULUN MOULIK bamboo, AU bamboo flooring, HADAK bamboo water vessel, KNIKU banana, HUDI banyan tree, HALI bare space, RAI MOULIK bark of dog, HATENU bark of a tree, AI KULIT base of anything, HUN basket, KOBARKA bat, NIKI bathe, HARIS beach, TASI IBUN bean, FOREI beard, IBUN RAHUN beat, punish, BAKU bed, TOBA FATIN bead bug, NATI bee, BANI before (time) MOLOK begin, HAHU below, IHA KRAIK below, OKOS bent, crooked, KLEUK betel leaf, MALUS TAHAN beten nut, BUA big, large, BOOT bird, MANU bite, TATA bitter melon, BARIA black, METAN black and white, SARAUK bladder, MAMIIK blind, DELEK blood, RAN blow nose, SUUT board, embark, SA'E RO boat, RO body, ISIN boil food, DA'AN bone, RUIN book (P), LIBRU bottle (P), BOTIL bottom, buttocks, KIDUN bow, RAMA box, chest, AI BALU boy, LABARIK MANE bracelet, KAKELUN branch, SANAK branch of a tree, AI SANAK breadfruit, KULU break, KOTU break, fracture, TOHAR breast, SUSU breath, IIS broom, AI SAR brother, MAUN brother-in-law, RIAN buffalo, KARAU bull, KARAU UAKA AMAN bullet, KILAT FUAN bunch, FULIN bury, HAKOI but, MAI BE buy, SOSA
C
calf, KARAU UAKA OAN call out, BOLU calm sea, TASI MAUS camp, HAKMAHAN can, able, BELE can not, LA BELE candlenut tree, KMII canoe, BERO cape, TASI INUS cape, RAI INUS capsicum, KUMUS car, KARO (P) cargo, goods, NAHAN carpenter, BADAIN AI carry, LEBO carry, LOURI cassava, AI LUKA, AI FARINA cassava flour, AI FARINA casuarina tree, JAJEY cat, BUSA cave, FATU KUAK certain, sure, TETEBES change, alter, FILAK charm, spell, HOROK chase, DUNI chest, HIRUS MATAN chew, NATA chief, SEBI (P) child, OAN chilli, AI MANAS Christian, SARANI church, UMA KREDA church, KREDA cleanse, HAMOS clean; also, too, MOS clever, MATENEK climb, mount, go up, SA'E cloth, HENA clothes, FARU, ROPA (P) clothes, get dressed, HATAIS cloud, KALOHAN cockatoo; pliers, KAKATUA cickfighting, MANU FUTU coconut, NUU coffee, KAFE cold, MALIRIN cold weather, RAI MALIRIN collect, assemble, HALIBUR comb, SASUIT come, MAI come back, MAI FALI compassion, SADIA complain, nag, TOLOK completed, HOTU conscience, NEON cook, TEIN cook by charring, AHI HAHAN copper, BIRAK copper, brass, RITI corn cob, BATAR FULIN correct, HALO LOS cotton, KABAS cotton ball, KABAS FATUK cotton thread, KABAS LAHAN cough, ME'AR count, SURA courtyard, LUAN circket (insect) KELA crocodile, LAFAEK crow, KAOA cry, TANIS cry tears, LUUN TURU cuddle, KOU'US cut, TESI cut, KO'A cut, chop, TAA cyclone, ANIN FUIK
D
dance, BIDU dance, TEBE DAI dark, NAKUNUN darling, dear, DOBEN daughter-in-law, FETO FOUN dawn, LORON NAROMAN day, LORON day, BAIN, UAIN daylight, not dark, NAROMA dead, MATE deaf, DIUK debt, TUSAN decapitate, TAA ULUN decide, TESI LIAN deer, BIBI RUSA deer, RUSA defend, SOURI defend oneself, SOURI-AN destroy, SOBU destroy, rip up, SELE detain, DAHUR dew, KMAHA different, OIN SELUK difficult, SUSAR dig, KE'E digging stick, AI SUAK dinner, JANTAR (P) dirty, FO'ER disc, KBELAK, BELAK divide, FAHE doctor (native), MATAN DOOK dog, ASU domestic animals, BINATAN domestic stock, BALADA don't, KETA, KETAK don't want, reject, LAKOI door, ODA MATAN dormant, ignition off, MATEK down, KRAIK down, descend, TUN dowry gift, OSAN NARAN dream, MEHI drink, HEMU drop, HAMONU drum, BABA drunk, LANU dry, MARAN dry weather, RAI MARAN duck, MANU RADE dust, UUT dust; fate, RAHUN
E
each one, IDA IDA ear, TILUN ear hole, TILUN KUAK ear of rice, HARE FULIN early morning, DADER earthquake, RAI NAKDODO earthworm, LALATIK easy, not difficult, LA TOS eat, HA edible portion of fruit, AI FUAN ISIN eel, TUNA egg, TOLUN egg (hen), MANTOLUN eight, UALU ember, glowing coal, AHI ANAR embrace, HAFULAK emphatic particle, HA'E emphatic particle, MAK, MAKA empty, hollow, MAMUK enough, TO'O ONA enter, go in, TAMA enter, insert, HATAMA eucalyptus, AI BUBUR METIN eucalyptus, AI BUBUR MUTIN evil, LARAN AAT exactly, NU'U NE'E DUNI excreta, TE extract, SUI eye, lid, MATAN eyebrow, MATAN FUKUN eyelid, MATAN KULIT
F
face, appearance, OIN fall, MONU far, distant, DOOK far away, IHA DOOK fasten, tie, KESI fat, BOKUR fat, oil, MINA father, male of animals, AMAN father-in-law, BANIN MANE fault, error, sin, SALA feel, HORON KATAK feminine, FETOK fence, LUTU fence in, LE'U fever, ISIN MALRIN fever, ISIN MANAS few, little, DUN, LA DUN fight, TUKU MALU fight, BAKU MALU find, discover, HETAN finger, LIMAN FUAN finger nail, LIMAN KUKUN fire, AHI firearm, KILAT firefly, KITI LILI first, before, ULU, ULUN first, formerly, LAI fish, IKAN fish hook, KAIL fish hook, KA'I LISIN fishing net, REDI five, LIMA flame, LAKAN flame, AHI LAKAN flat, level, BELAR flea, ASU KUTIN flea, KUTUN float, LELE flour, FARINA (P) flow, SULI flower, FUAN flower, AI FUAN fly, SEMO fly (insect), LALAR foam of sea, FURIN fog, RAI AHU follow, obey, TUIR food, HAN food, nourishment, HAHAN footprint, AIN FATIN forehead, RENTOS forest, AI LARAN forget, HALUHA fork, GARFU (P) formerly, in the past, ULUK four, HAAT friend, AMIGU (P) friend, BELU frog, KEDO from (place), HOUSI from (time), HOURI fruit, AI FUAN fruit, heart, FUAN fruit seed, AI FUAN MUSAN fruit skin, AI FUAN KULIT full, NAKONU future particle, SEI
G
gallop, HOPU gap, space between, LET, LEET garden, TO'OS garlic, LIS ASU garment, TAIS gather, collect, RAUT gecko, TECKI genitals female, HU'IN giblet, KULAN giner, AI LIA girl, LABARIK FETO girth, KUTA HETIN give, FO give birth, HAHOURIS go, proceed, go off, BA go, walk, travel, LA'O go away, get out, SOURUK go out, SAI goat, BIBI god, MAROMAK godfather, AMAN SARANI gold, OSAN MEAN gold, MURAK good, beautiful, KAPAS (P) good, goodness, KMANEK good, well, DI'AK goods, belongings, SASAN goose, MANU RADE BOOT govern, rule, UKUN grandfather, AMAN TUAN grandmother, INA FERIK grandparent, BEIN grapefruit, DAMBUA grass, DUUT grass variety, HAE grave, RATE greedy, KAN green, unripe, MATAK green, yellow, MODOK grey, MALAHUK groin, KELEN SOLAN groin, SOLAN ground, land, earth, world, RAI guard, RAI HELA guess, SI'IK

H

haemorrhoids, KIDUN MEAN hair of head, FUUK hair (of body), feather, FULUN halter, harness, KUDA TALIN hamlet, village, KNUA happy, HAKSOLOK harrow, weed, FAHO hunch, hindquarters, KIDAN he, possessive article, NIA head, ULUN headache, ULUN MORAS hear, RONA heavy, TODAN here, IHA NE'E hide, HAMSUMIK hide, conceal, SUBAR hide, leather, KARAU KULIT hide, skin, bark, KULIT high, tall, AAS high tide, TASI NAKONU hillock, mound, RAI KABURBUR hillside, RAI SADERE hold, grasp, drive car, KAIR hole, KUAK hole, RAI KUAK hollow log for grinding, LESU honey, BENI BEN horn trumpet, BABOO horns, antlers, DIKUR horse, KUDA hot, MANAS hot weather, RAI MANAS hour, time, ORAS house, UMA house roof, UMA KAKULUK houe ruins, UMA KREBEK house thatch, UMA TALIN how many, how much, HIRA how many stick, AIN HIRA hundred, ATUS hunger, LAHA hungry, HAMLAHA hunt, SORO husband, LA'EN
I
I, HA'U immediately, KEDAN, KEDAS improve, HADI'AK in between, IHA LEET in front of, IHA NIA OIN in middle, IHA KLARAN increase, TAU TAN indicate, show way, HATUDU inside, LARAN insult, TARATA insult, criticize, TOLOK MALU invite, TENE iron, BESI iron pot, SANAN BESI is, have, possess, IHA
J
jackfruit, KULU NAKA jaw, chin, HASAN jump, HAKSOIT just, already, FOIN
K
kapok, AI LELE kick, HAFETU kick by horse, KUDA LUBUN kidney, MAKSOURIN kill, OHO king, LIURAI kiss, MUU kiss hand, RE'I LIMAN kite, eagle, MAKIKIT knife, TUDIK knife, TAHA knot in tree, AI FUKUN
L
lacking, LA TO'O lake, NALIUN lake, REBU lamp, AHI OAN last, IKUS later, LIU TIHA laugh, HAMNASA laurel, bay leaf, LORU TAHAN laziness, BARUK TEEN lazy, BARUK leaf, AI TAHAN leaf, TAHAN leaf tip, DIKIN lean against, support, SADERE leave, abandon, HUSIK left, KARUK leg, foot, AIN lemon, SUBRAKA SIIN lemon, SABURAKA SIIN lemon, DEROK MASIN lie, deceive, BOSOK lie down, TOBA lift by fingers, BI'IT light, not heavy, KMAAN light rain, UDAN RAHUN like, GOSTA (P) lime, AHU lip, IBUN KULIT liquid, juice, sap, BEEN little, small, KI'IK live, stay, remain, HELA liver, ATEN METAN loin-cloth, KFOLI long, NARUK long time, KLEUR lost, LAKON love, like very much, HADOMI low tide, TASI TUN
M
mad, crazy, BULAK mahogany, AI SARIAN maize, indian corn, BATAR make, work, construct, do, HALO male of names, MAU, MAUK man, male, MANE maadarin, SUBRAKA LOTUK mane of horse, DADINIS mango, HAAS many, much, BARAK market, BASAR masculine, AMAK mass, body, LOLON mast, RO RII match, AHI KOSE, AI KOSE maybe, perhaps, KAL maybe, perhaps, if, KARIK measure, SUKAT measuring stick, AI SUKAT meat, NA'AN medicine, AI MORUK mend, sew, SUKIU midday, LORO MANAS midday, LORO MNATUTUN middle, BALU middle, KLARAN milk, SUSU BEN mine, HA'U NAIN mint, KARUDU mirror, LELENOK mistress, NONA money, OSAN monkey, LEKIRAUK moon, month, FULAN more, RESIN more again, TAN more, too much, LIU TAN more; find, TAN mortar, NESUN mosquito, SUSUK mother-in-law, BANIN FETO mould, UTUR mouldy, NAKFUNAN mountain, FOHO mountain, RAI FOHO mountain foot, RAI HUN mountain top, RAI TUTUN mouth, IBUN move, MUDA (P) mud, clay, TAHU mutual, reciprocal, MALU
N
nail, KUSA name, NARAN navel, HUSAR near, close, RABAT near, close, BESIK neck, KOKOROK needle, DAUN nest, KNUUK net for shrimps, LAHAT new, young, FOUN night, KALAN nine, SIA nipple, SUSU MATAN no, not, LA, LAE noble class, DATO none, LA IDA none, LA IHA north, LORO RAI nose, INUS not long, soon, LAKLEUR not much, LA DUN BARAK not yet, SEI DAUK nothing, LA-OS nothing, LA BUAT IDA now, past tense particle, ONA now, AGORA (P)
O
octopus, KUIK, KURITA often, continually, BEIBEIK old man, KATUAS old woman, FEIK on foot, walk only, LA'O DE'IT on left, IHA KARUK on right, IHA LIMAN LOS on the bottom, IHA KIDUN on top, IHA TUTIN once, DALA IDA one, IDA one only, IDA DE'IT onion, LIS BOT only, DE'IT only, alone, MESA, MESAK open, LOKE open, bare, a shred, KLES opposite side, SOURIN BALU or, KA orange, SABRUKA, SUBRAKA, SABURAKA orphan, OAN KIAK other, another, SELUK our, ITA NIA ours, ITA NIAN outside, LIUR overseas, TASI BALUN owl, KAKU, KUKU oxen, KARAU UAKA oyster, TIRAN
P
paddy field, NATAR palm, LIMAN TANEN palm of jand, HAKDIRUN palm wine, TUAKA paper, letter, book, SURAT parcel, FALUN pacel, package, FUTUN pawpaw tree, AI DILA pawpaw fruit. AI DILA FUAN pay, repay, SELU pea, ERAVILA (P) peanut, FOREI RAI pencil, LAPIS (P) penis, LASAN person, EMA pestle, ALU, ALUN petal, KINAS petal, AI FUNAN KINAS pick, gather, KU'U pick up, HILI pig, FAHI pigeon, FALUR, LAKETEU pillow, KLUNI pimply, fruitful, FUAK pineapple, ANANAS (P) place, spot, position, FATIN plain, RAI TETUK plank, board, AI KEBELAK plate, HANEK plate, BIKAN play, HALIMAR play cards, JOGA SURAT (I) play, JOGA (P) plough up, SO'O poor, orphan, KIAK possum, LAKU post, stake, RIIN pot, SANAN potato, FEHUK ROPA pound, crush, FAI pour liquid, FUI precipice, RAI HORUN pregnant, KABUK pregnant, KOU'US prce, cost, FOLIN pull, drag, DADA pull, jerk, FOKIT pull out, FUKIT pumpkin, LAKERU punch, strike, TUKU pupil, MATAN OAN purse, KOJE purse (woven), TIU push, DUDU put, place, TAU python, FOHO RAI
Q
quail, KIUKAE question, HUSU LIA quickly, LALAIS (LAILAIS)
R
rain, UDAN rainbow, BAUR raining, UDAN TAU range, RAI LOLON rat, LAHO rattle, NAKDOKO red, MEAN relatives, MALUK restaurant, UMA HAN return, HAFILA return, go home, FILA FALI rice, HARE rice (cooked), ETU rice (Husked), FOS rice paddy, HARE NATAR rice powder, talc, BADAAK rice stem, HARE KAIN rich, KMAUS right, KUANA right, correct, straight, LOS ring, KADELI ripe, TASAK river, MOTA river bed, MOTA SULI river (lower reaches), MOTA AIN river mouth, MOTA IBUN roast, SONA roast, TUNU roll up, BOBAR roof, KAKULUK root, AI ABUT root, ABUT rope, TALIN rose, AI NAR rotten, DODOK rough sea, TASI BOOT round, plump, KABUAR rowdy, HAKSI'AK run away, HALAI
S
sack, BUU, KBUU sacred, LULIK sad, OIN KRAIK saddle bag, KUDA KOTUK saffron, KINUR sago, AKAR salt, MASIN same, similar, HANESA, HANESAN sand, RAI HENEK sandalwood, AI KAMELI sap, juice, resin, AI BEN, AI UEN sarong, LIPA savage, untamed, BUIS savage, wild man, EMA FUIK saw, KADO sawdust, AI RAHUN say, speak, DEHAN scent, MOURIN school, ESKOLA (P) scoop water, KURU scorch, burn, SUNU scorpion, SAKUNAR scratch, itchy, KATAR seas, TASI sea bottom, TASI KIDUN seas water, TASI BE secret, LIA SUIK see, look, HARE seed, MUSAN seek, look for, BUKA sell, FA'AN serve meal, SURU sesame, LENA seven, HITU shade, AI MAHoN shade, MAHN shark, IU sharpen, KADI sheep, BIBI MALAE shop, LOJA (P) shoot, AI TAHAN DIKIN shore, reef, METI short, BADAK shot, discharge of gun, TIRU shoulder, KBAS, KEBAS shout, HAKLALAK shout, yell, HAKILAR shrimp, BOEK shut, close, TAKA shut, cork up, SULAN shy, ashamed, MOE sick, LARAN MORAS sick, MORAS silent, keep quiet, NONOOK silver, OSAN MUTIN sing, HANANU sink, MOUT sir (polite title), NA'I, NA'IN sister, BIIN sister-in-law, KA'AN sit, TUR six, NEEN skull, ULUN FATUK sky, LALEHAN slave, ATAN sleep, DUKUR sleeping area, LANTEN sleeping mat, BITI slender, slim, LOTUK slope (of hill), RAI KLEAN slow, NEINEIK small, little, UIT OAN small marsupial, MEDA smallpox, KOLAR smell, HORON smoke, AHI SUAR smoke tobacco, FUMA (P) smooth, KABEER snail, slug, BABUKU snake, SAMODO snake, SAMEA snot, KUUS snot, INUS BEEN so, so much, NAHUN so, therefore, NU'U NE'E soap, SABAUN (P) sock, MEIAS (P) soft, gentle, MAMAR sold, firm, METIN some, part, half, BALU something, BUAT RUMA song sung at gatherings, DAHUR soon, not long, LA KLEUR sorcerer, BUAN soul, spirit, KLAMAR soup, MODO BEN sour, SIIN south, LORO LOR sow seed, plant, KUDA soya bean, FOREI KELI span of hand, HAKAT speak, talk, KO'A LIA speak, say, HETETEN, DEHAN spear, DIMA spider, LABADAIN spirit (of dead), MATE KLAMAR spit, TAFUI spoon, KANURU spread out, divide, NAHE spring, BE MATAN spur for cock fighting, TARA stable, corral, LUHAN KUDA LUHAN stake, post, AI RII, AI RIIN star, FITUN steal, NA'UK steam shop, RO AHI steel, BESI ASU steel, hard, ASU (P) step, ODAN step, pace, HAKAT AIN stink, smell, DOIS stomach, KABUN stomach ache, KABUN DULAS stomach ache, KABUN MORAS stone, rock, FATUK straight tree, AI LOS stranger, foreigner, MALAE strawberry, MORANGU (P) strength, BIIT strong, ROSAK strong, sturdy, MAKA'AS strong wind, UARAT strong wind, ANIN BOOT stupid, BEIK suckle, SUSUN suffer, TERUS sugar, MASIN MIDAR sugar cane, AU TOUHU sun, LORO Sunday, DOMINGU (P) sunrise, LORO SA'E sunset, west, LORON MONU superlative, LIU swallow, TOLAN swamp, BE KOLAN sweat, KOSAR sweep, DASA sweet, MIDAR sweet corn, BATAR NURAK sweet potato, FEHUK MIDA swim, NANI, NANIN sword, SURIK syringe, BABURIT
T
tail, IKUN take, carry, HODI take away, HASAI talc, BADAAK tamarind, SUKAIR tame, MAUS tasty, nice, FURAK tea, SA teach, HANOURIN teacher, GURU (I) teacher, MESTRE (P) tear, ripe, LES tears, LUUN ten, SANULU ten thousand, REBEN testicles, LASAN FUAN thanks, OBRIGADO (P) that, NE'E BA that, those, IDA NE'E BA there, IHA NE'EBA therefore, NE'E DUNI therefore, so, then, HAFOIN these, NE'E MAI they, SIRA, SIA thick, MAHAR thick, BOKAR thigh, KELEN thin, MIHIS thing, BUAT think, remember, HANOIN thirsty, HAMROOK this, that, NE'E this one, IDA NE'E MAI this one, this, IDA NE'E this definitely, IDA NE'E DUNI this time, then, IHA ORAS NE'E thorn. AI TARAK thousand, RIHUN thread, LAHAN three, TOLU thresh grain, BE'U throw away, discard, SOE throw; past tense, TIHA thunder, RAI TARUTA tie up, FUTU tight, narrow, KLOOT timid, FODAK tin, KALEN tip, extremity, ROHAN tired; wages, KOLE, KOLEN to, at, on, in, IHA tobacco, TABAKU today, OHIN today, LORON NE'E together, HAMUTU, HAMUTUK toilet, SENTINA (P) toilet, LIUR FATIN tomorrow, ABAN tongue, NANAL too HOTU too, MOS tooth, NEHAN top, summit, TUTUN touch, BOK touch, feel, KOKOK touch, feel, LAMAS towards, KONA track, road, DALAN tradesman, BADAQIN trample, SAMA travel about, LEMU treacherous, LARAN MAKEREK tree, wood, firewood, AI tree base, AI HUN tremble, NAKDEDAR ticky, BOBAR tricky, variegated, MAKEREK trim, cut (garden), LERE truly, TEBES truck, bus, KARETA (P) trunk of tree, AI LOLON trunk of tree, HUN try, attempt, KOKO tuber of all kinds, FEHUK turn, FILA turtle, LENUK twenty, RUANULU twist, DULAS two, RUA
U
ugly, deformed, OIN AAT umbrella, SALURIK uncle older than brother, AMAN BOOT uncle younger than brother, AMAN KIIK underside, IHA OKOS unnecessary, LALIKA until, TO'O urinate, MII uterus, OAN FATIN

V

valley, TAI TETU vegetable, MODO vein, UAT verse in two lines, DADOLIN very little, UIT OAN DEIT vinegar, TUA SIIN virgin, FETO RAN voice, noise, LIAN volcano, RAI SUUT vomit, MUTA

W

wait, HEIN

wall, DIDIN

want, desire, HAKARAK

war, FUNU

wash, FASI, FASE

wash clean, FASI MOS

water, BE, UE

water vesssel, KDORAN

wave, LALORON

wax, LILIN

we (exclusive), AMI

we (incl), you (polite), ITA

weave, SOURU

wet, BOKUN

wet weather, RAI UDAN

whale, UUD

what, SA

when, BAIN HIRA

where, IHA NE'E BE

which, what, SA IDA

which, who, NE'E BE

which who, IDA NE'E BE

whisper, blow softly, HUU

whistle, KFUI

whistle, HAKFUIK

white, MUTIN

who, whom, SE

whoever, NARAN IDA why, NU'U SA

why, because, TAN BA

widow, FETO FALUK

widowed, FALUK

wife (impolite), FEN

wife (polite), KABEN

wild, savage, FUIK

win, earn, MANAN

wind, ANIN

window, DINELA (P)

wine, TUA

winnowing basket, LAFATIK

wipe, brush, KOSE

without, not any, LAEK

woman, FETO

woman's song, SABULU

word, speech, LIA

work, job, KNAAR

worm, ULAR

wound, HAHANEK

wound, injure, KANEK

write, HARKEREK

wrong, LA LOS

Y
yam, TALAS

year, TINAN

yellow, KINU

you (plural), IMI

you (singular), O

young, immature, NURAK

young, single nobleman, KLOSAN

young boy, OAN MANE

young girl, OAN FETO

young leaf, AI TAHAN OKAT

younger brother, ALIN

younger sister, ALIN FETO

yours, IMI NIAN

youth, LABARIK, LAUARIK

PHRASES

Greetings
How are you? (lit. are you well or not?)

O di'ak ka lae?

Not bad. (lit. some good, some bad)

Balu di'ak, balu att

Farwell. (by horse, lit. hold tight the horse)

Hatos kuda di'ak

Farewell. (by foot, lit. see the road well)

Hare dalan di'ak

We have (just) arrived.

Ami to'o ona.

They have arrived (some time ago).

Sira to'o tiha.

We will go tomorrow.

Ami sei ba aban.

He came yesterday.

Nia mai tiha horiseik.

We are going home.

Ami fila fali ba uma.

Introductions
"Ita" is used as you is always polite to strangers."O" for "you" is familar usage.

What is your name?

Ita nia naran sa? (ita=polite)

What is your name?

O nia naran sa? (To servants)

My name is John.

Ha'u nia naran John.

My firend's name is Robert.

Ha'u nia belu nia naran Robert.

What is your wife's name?

Ita nia kaben naran sa?

My wife's name is Betty.

Ha'u nia kaben naran Betty.

How old are you?

Ita tinan hira? (ita=polite)

When will you give birth?

Ita fo hahouris uain hira? (or bain hira?)

When is your birthday?

Bain hira (uain hira) mak o halo o nia tinan?

In my house we have two children.

Iha ha'u nia uma, ami iha oan rua.

Where do you live?

Ita hela iha ne'e be? (ita=polite)

Where are you going?

Ita ba iha ne'e be?

I live in Fatu Kai.

Hau hela iha Fatu Kai.

What is the name of your village?

Ita nia knua naran sa? (ita-polite)

How many days can we stay here?

Ami bele hela iha ne'e, loron hira?

You can stay as long as you wish.

Ita futar bele hela nafatin.

What is the time?

Oras ne'e, tuku hira?

What is that?

Buat ne'e sa?

Travel

We want to drive a car.

Ami hakarak atu kair kareta ida.

What time does the bus leave?

Bus ba tuku hira?

What time does the bus arrive?

Bus to'o tuku hira?

The bus arrives at one o'clock.

Bus mai tuku ida.

What is the name of this place?

Iha fatin ida ne'e naran sa?

We want to find a bed.

Ami hakarak atu hetan toba fatin.

We want one bed for tonight.

Kalan ne'e, ami hakarak atu hetan toba fatin ida de'it.

Where is the place for us to sleep?

Ami nia toba fatin, iha ne'e be?

We are looking for an inn (lodging house)

Ami buka pousada ida.

We go overseas at seven o'clock.

Ami ba tasi balu iha tuku hitu.

We will return at two o'clock.

Ami sei fila fali iha tuku rua.

You must take this with us.

O sei lori ida ne'e ho ami.

Can you show me the road to Dili?

Ita bele hatudu ba ha'u, dalan ba Dili iha ne'e be?

I want to talk on the telephone.

Ha'u hakarak atu ko'alia ba arame.

Can I go onthe other side of the river?

Ha'u bele ba iha mota balu ba?

Can we travel this road?

Ami bele la'o dalan ne'e?

We want to trabel to the mountains near the Ainaro district.

Ami hakarak ba atu hare foho iha besik Ainaro.

I want to send a letter overseas.

Ha'u hakarak atu jaruka surat ba tasi balu.

Can we go to see Timor dancing?

Ai bele ba atu hare tebedai Timor?

Wait three hours. The we will come back.

Hein to'o oras tolu. Hafoin ami fila fali.